Creating a circular supply chain for lithium-ion batteries is the field Redwood Materials leads, recycling end-of-life batteries and electronics to recover more than 95% of critical materials such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, and copper into anode copper foil and cathode active materials for new batteries. Founded in 2017 by JB Straubel, former Tesla CTO, the company's processes use 80% less energy and generate 70% fewer CO2 emissions than traditional methods, while its Redwood Energy business repurposes second-life battery packs into scalable energy storage, including a 12 MW, 63 MWh microgrid that is the world's largest second-life deployment. Operating in the U.S. and Europe, Redwood partners with BMW, Ford, Volvo, and Panasonic, supporting more than 1 million EVs a year by 2025.